Dassault Mirage F1

Mirage F1
Role Fighter aircraft
Manufacturer Dassault Aviation
First flight 23 December 1966
Introduced 1973
Primary users French Air Force
Iraqi Air Force
Spanish Air Force
Royal Moroccan Air Force
Number built >720
Developed from Dassault Mirage III

The Dassault Mirage F1 is a French single-seat air-superiority fighter and attack aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation as a successor of the Mirage III family. The Mirage F1 entered service in the French Air Force in the early seventies. Powered by a single SNECMA Atar turbojet providing about 7 tonnes-force (69 kN; 15,000 lbf) of thrust, the F1 has been used as a light multipurpose fighter and has been exported to about a dozen nations. More than 700 F1s have been produced.[1] Among the second generation European supersonic fighter (i.e., among those built in the sixties and early seventies) the F1 was the most successful, most significantly because almost all of its users have used it in wars and regional conflicts.

Contents

Design and development

French Air Force Mirage F1

Dassault designed the Mirage F1 as the successor to its Mirage III and Mirage 5 fighters. Unlike its predecessors, it has a swept wing mounted high on the fuselage, as well as a conventional tail surface.

The first prototype, which was developed by Dassault using its own funds, made its maiden flight on 23 December 1966.

The type was officially accepted by the French Air Force in May 1967, at which time three further prototypes were ordered. With the greater thrust of its afterburning SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojet, the F1 easily outclassed the Mirage III.

Although it has a smaller wingspan than the Mirage III, the F1 nevertheless proved to be clearly superior to its predecessor. It can carry up to 40% more fuel, has a shorter take-off run, a superior range in lo-lo missions, and better maneuverability.

In order to comply with the French Air Force's requirement for an all-weather interceptor, the first production Mirage F1C was equipped with a Thomson-CSF Cyrano IV monopulse radar. The later Cyrano IV-1 version added a limited look-down capability. However Mirage F1 pilots reported that the radar can easily overheat, reducing its efficiency. The Mirage F1 entered French Air Force service in May 1973 when the first production version was delivered. Initially, the aircraft was armed with two internal 30 mm cannons, and two Matra R530 medium-range air-to-air missiles carried under the wings. It was replaced after 1979, when the improved Matra Super 530 F entered into service with the French Air Force.[2] In 1977, the R550 Magic was released. The F1 has these missiles mounted on rails on the wingtips. Around the same time, the American AIM-9 Sidewinder became part of the Mirage F1's armament, after the Spanish and Hellenic Air Forces requested integration of the Sidewinder on their own Mirage F1CE and CG fighters.

The 79 aircraft of the next production run were delivered during the period March 1977 to December 1983. These were of the Mirage F1C-200 version with a fixed refuelling probe, which required an extension of the fuselage by 7 cm.

The Mirage F1 served as the main interceptor of the French Air Force until the Dassault Mirage 2000 entered service.

Variants

Mirage F1B

The French Air Force also ordered 20 Mirage F1B, a two-seat operational conversion trainer; these were delivered between October 1980 and March 1983. The extra seat and controls added only 30 cm to the length of the fuselage, but at the cost of less internal fuel capacity and the loss of the internal cannon.

The empty weight increased by 200 kg, partly due to the addition of two Martin-Baker Mk 10 zero-zero ejection seats, in place of the Mk 4 used in the F1C, which had a forward speed limitation.

In all other aspects the F1B is a combat-capable aircraft and it can compensate for the lack of internal space by carrying external cannon pods and fuel tanks.

Mirage F1A

Single-seat ground-attack fighter aircraft, with laser-range finder, and limited Air-to-Air attack capability. Developed in concert between the SAAF and Dassault.

Mirage F1AZ

Mirage F1E

Single-seat all-weather multi-role fighter and ground-attack aircraft.

Mirage F1D

Two-seat training version, based on the Mirage F1E multi-role fighter, ground-attack aircraft.

Mirage F1CR

French Air Force F1CR in 2009
French Air Force Mirage F1 at RIAT 2009

When it became clear that the Mirage F1 was becoming a successful production aircraft, Dassault began investigating the possibility of a dedicated reconnaissance version for its most important client, the French Air Force. However, the escalating cost of fighter aircraft meant that add-on pods for this purpose were a more economical alternative.

Many French Air Force aircraft, as well as those of some export clients (such as Iraq's Mirage F1EQ), did indeed have a variety of reconnaissance pods available, which were attached to the underside of the main fuselage.

However, the development of a tactical reconnaissance aircraft for the French Air Force continued, and the first Mirage F1CR-200 flew on 20 November 1981.

The Mirage F1CR carries reconnaissance equipment, internally and externally:

A total of 64 units of the Mirage F1CR were ordered by the French Air Force, the first of which flew on 10 November 1982. The first airforce unit which used the aircraft became operational in July 1983.

Mirage F1CT

Mirage F1CT "30-QS" from 2/30

The Mirage F1CT is the tactical ground attack version of the Mirage F1C-200. The first two prototypes were conversions. The first flew on 3 May 1991. Another 55 examples followed up to 1995, all being conversions carried out by the workshops of the French Air Force.

The Mirage F1CT program brought the avionics of the F1C up to the standard of the F1CR:

Mirage F1AZ and F1CZ

The South African Air Force (SAAF) flew both the Mirage F1AZ ground-attack version as well as the radar-equipped Mirage F1CZ fighter.

The first two examples of the first order (48 aircraft, comprising 32 F1AZ and 16 F1CZ) were delivered on 5 April 1975. Both of these F1CZs were transported under a blanket of secrecy by a SAAF C-130 Hercules. In July of the same year, the remainder of the F1CZs were delivered, and 3 Squadron was re-commissioned to operate the aircraft from AFB Waterkloof. In 1975 the F1CZs also appeared at a South African airshow, but the public wasn't informed that the aircraft were already operational in the SAAF.

The F1AZ was developed in conjunction with Dassault and the SAAF as a dedicated ground attack variant. Paramount Group, a South African based company owns the intellectual property for the Mirage F1AZ. The AZ variant has a laser-based rangefinder, permitting extremely accurate fusing and aiming of unguided munitions, which consist of bombs and rockets. Optical design was by ARMSCOR in South Africa, by the Optics (later ELOPTRO) division of that company. Despite their retirement in 1997, the accuracy of the F1AZ's armament delivery is still considered classified information by the SAAF, but observer analysis by informed news services (e.g., Jane's Defence Weekly) and pilot reports (e.g., Commandant Dick Lord, 'Vlamgat', 1999) conclude that the AZ variant has accuracies within the order disclosed by the USAF for their F-15E Strike Eagle in unguided ballistic mode.[3]

The F1AZs were delivered between November 1975 and October 1976. They were assigned to 1 Squadron, stationed at AFB Waterkloof. This acquisition was also kept secret from the rest of the world — 1 Squadron was not allowed to display its new aircraft until February 1980.

The SAAF retired the F1CZs in 1992, followed by the F1AZs in 1997. In 1998, the University of Stellenbosch acquired and retains F1CZ for its Mechanical (Aeronautical) Engineering department, for the education of engineering students in supersonic alloy structures.

Aerosud Mirage F1 AAD2006

As an upgrade program for the SAAF, Aerosud, a South African aero-engineering concern, equipped a Mirage F1 with a Klimov RD-33 engine, the same engine used in the MiG-29. This development was dubbed the "SuperMirage" F1, and held the distinction of being the first Western aircraft to perform a display at the MAKS Airshow in Moscow.

In 2004 up to 21 F1AZs were reported in storage at AFB Hoedspruit, awaiting a possible buyer. In April 2006, it was reported that Aerosud had purchased the surviving Mirage F1AZs and spares. On 17 August 2006, French news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that two upgraded ex-South African F1AZs had taken part in a fly-past over Libreville earlier that day in celebration of Gabon's independence day. The refurbishment and upgrade of the aircraft was carried out by Aerosud. Aerosud Group managing director Dr. Paul Potgieter confirmed his company's involvement, but declined to give numbers or cite figures. It was also reported at that time that Gabon had only bought 3 Mirage F1's from South Africa. However it was later noted that the Gabonese government bought 4 Mirage F1AZ's in total.

The F1AZ features an integrated ground-attack system, comprising two on-board computers that enable the pilot to identify targets at a distance of 5 km. These computers are connected to a laser range finder, situated below its conical nose. This device provides the computers – and the pilot - with target info without the emission of radar signals. After identifying the target and obtaining the necessary information, bombs are automatically released at the right moment.

While the range-finding ability of the aircraft’s EMD AIDA 2 radar unit permits it to operate combat and visual interception missiles, the helmet-mounted sight element enables the pilot to make bore attacks, without having to wait until he has reached the best firing position.

The F1AZ is equipped with two internal DEFA 30mm cannons with 125 rounds each, and carries a wide variety of external ordnance, which includes various types of bombs, cluster munitions, missiles, and rocket launchers. The most common configuration is however six MK81 or MK82 bombs, together with two Kentron Kukri V3b or V3c missiles on the wingtip rails.

Mirage F1CG

Mirage F1CG

Greece operated 40 Dassault Mirage F1CG single seat aircraft. F1CG was first ordered in 1974 and entered service with the Hellenic Air Force in 1975[4] The aircraft were used by 334 Squadron and 342 Squadron.[5] Mirage F1CG was armed with the Sidewinder AIM-9P missile, rather than the most commonly used Matra Magic II, and it could carry four AIM-9Ps, rather than just two.[4]

The Hellenic Air Force retired the remaining 27 Mirage F1CGs on June 30, 2003 after 28 years of service and 160 000 flying hours.[4] A number of F1CG aircraft have been preserved in non-flying condition for display. At least four are preserved in Tanagra (LGTG), Greece (115, 124, 129 and 140).[6][7] One more (134) is preserved at HAF History Department, Delta Falirou.

Mirage F1M-53

Developed for the participation in the "European" NATO fighter competition of early seventies, seeking to replace the F-104G. It was equipped with a more powerful engine, the SNECMA M-53, and other improvements. Failed to succeed, the contest was eventually won by the General Dynamics F-16. The Mirage F.1 came in second place[8]

Operational history

Due to the success of the Mirage F1 in the export market, the airplane has seen combat with a number of air forces in various places around the world.

France

French Air Force Mirage F1s saw their first operational deployment in 1984 during Operation Manta, the French intervention in the Chad, to counter growing Libyan encroachment. Four Mirage F1C-200s provided air cover for a force of four Jaguars, and took part in skirmishes against the pro-Libyan GUNT rebels.

In 1986, French Mirage F1s returned to Chad, as part of Operation Epervier, with four F1C-200s providing fighter cover for a strike package of eight Jaguars during the air raid against the Libyan airbase at Ouadi Doum, on February 16. Two F1CRs also flew pre and post-strike reconnaissance missions.[9][10]

More recently, in October 2007, three Mirage 2000s and three Mirage F1s have been deployed at Kandahar Air Force Base, where they fly close air support and tactical reconnaissance missions in support of international forces in Southern Afghanistan.[11][12]

Ecuador

Ecuadorian Air Force Mirage F1JA
Mirage F.1JA of the Ecuadorian Air Force

Ecuador's F.1JA fighters may have been used in the brief armed conflict named Paquisha War between Ecuador and Peru, in January and February 1981:[13][14]

In 1995, during the Cenepa War, Ecuador said that two Sukhoi Su-22M were shot down on 10 February 1995 by two Ecuadorian Air Force Mirage F.1. According to official Peru Air Force sources, one Peruvian Sukhoi Su-22A Fitter-F was shot down by Ecuadorian anti-aircraft fire during a low flying ground-attack mission. The second Peru Air Force Su-22A was lost because of a fire in its jet-engine caused by mechanical failure.[15] This happened before two Ecuadorian Air Force Mirage F.1 reached the combat zone.[16][17]

Greece

At least one incident was reported over the Aegean Sea between 2 Mirage F1-CG weaponless aircraft and two Turkish F-16C assault fighters. Unfortunately, the pilot of the higher experience base aircraft, Lieutenant Nikos Sialmas, lost his life in an unsuccessful attempt to outmanouvre and pursue the Turkish aircraft out of Hellenic airspace due to the Mirage F1-CG having traded the in-built weapons capacity for increased fuel and a light chassis/equipment total tonnage to the specifications of the Hellenic Air Force to maximize range benefits over the F16 units employed by neighbouring countries that were more capable of employing efficient, high-fuel configurations.

Since this, all Hellenic aircraft without exception fly with a weapon load.

Iraq

During the Iran-Iraq war, Iraq's Mirage F1EQs were used intensively for interception, ground attack and anti-shipping missions.[18] In November 1981, an Iraqi Mirage F1 accounted for the first Iranian F-14 to be shot down, followed by several more in the following months, giving the previously timid Iraqi Airforce new confidence in air-to-air combat engagements with the Iranians.[19]

On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi Air Force pilot flying an F1EQ fired two Exocet anti-ship missiles into the U.S. guided missile frigate USS Stark (FFG-31) in the Persian Gulf.[20]

In the opening minutes of the Gulf War on January 17, 1991, an unarmed USAF EF-111, crewed by Captain James A. Denton and Captain Brent D. Brandon scored a kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1EQ, which they managed to maneuver into the ground, making it the only F-111 to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft.

Coalition forces shot down several Iraq Mirages during the 1991 Gulf War. Two F1EQs preparing to carry out an Beluga cluster bomb attack on Saudi oil facilities were shot down by a Royal Saudi Air Force F-15C.[21][22]

Morocco

30 Mirage F1CHs and 20 Mirage F1EHs were ordered from Dassault by the Royal Moroccan Air Force(RMAF) in 1975, with the first deliveries taking place in 1978. They were engaged in combat as soon as 1979 against the forces of the Polisario Front operating in Western Sahara.

South Africa

Both the F1CZ and F1AZ variants of the SAAF saw action during operations in the Border War.

F1CZs of 3 Squadron downed two Angolan MiG-21s in 1981 and 1982. On 6 November 1981, during Operation Daisy, two F1CZs were vectored by GCI to intercept two MiG-21s heading south. Major Johan Rankin shot down the wingman using cannons. On 5 October 1982, while escorting a Canberra of 12 Squadron on a photo-reconnaissance sortie, Major Rankin and his wingman engaged two MiG-21s on an intercept course. He fired two Magic AAMs at one of the MiGs, damaging the aircraft with the second missile. The MiG was able to recover back to base but sustained additional damage in a belly landing. Rankin then attacked the second MiG and destroyed it with cannon fire.[23]

Two F1AZs of 1 Squadron were lost over Angola. On 20 February 1988, while flying an interdiction sortie against a road convoy during Operation Hooper, Major Ed Every was shot down by a SA-13 Gopher SAM. Almost a month later, on 19 March, Captain Willie van Coppenhagen flew into the ground when returning from a diversionary strike at night. The Board of Inquiry was unable to determine the causes of the crash.[23]

Two F1AZs and a single F1CZ were damaged by enemy action but were able to return to base.
On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis were both hit by SA-3 Goa SAMs. Du Plessis' aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Pretorius's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, were he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.[23]

On 27 September 1987, during Operation Moduler, an attempt was mounted to intercept two Cuban FAR MiG-23MLs. Captain Arthur Piercy's F1CZ was damaged by either an AA-7 Apex or AA-8 Aphid AAM fired head-on by Major Alberto Ley Rivas. The explosion destroyed the aircraft's drag chute and damaged the hydraulics. Piercy was able to recover to AFB Rundu, but the aircraft overshot the runway. The impact with the rough terrain caused Piercy's ejection seat to fire, but he failed to separate from the seat and suffered major spinal injuries.[23][24]

The SAAF lost an additional six F1AZs and three F1CZs to various mishaps. F1CZ 205 caught on fire after landing and was repaired using the tail section of F1CZ 206 (Piercy's aircraft).[23]

Spain

With 33 years of first-line service since 1975 within the Spanish Air Force and earning itself ever since the role of primary interceptor for Early Warning missions due to its great performance (reaching mach 2.2), the Mirage F1 is a seasoned but still perfectly capable and reliable veteran that has been updated to the newest available standards but is unavoidably coming closer to the end of his active duty lifespan, and will eventually be replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon (C-16 in the Spanish Air Force code).

The Mirage F1 is currently flown by the Ala 14 (14th Wing) based in Albacete, and has been flown in the past by the Ala 11 (11th Wing) based in Manises, Valencia and by the Ala 46 (46th Wing) based in Gando, Canary Islands.

The Wing operating the type now, Ala 14, is (as of February 2009) composed by 38 aircraft of the F1M model divided in Escuadrón 141 (141st Squadron) "Patanes" and Escuadrón 142 (142nd Squadron) "Tigres". Ala 14 reached 180,000 flight hours with the F1 model in late 2007, which gives an idea of the unit's familiarization with the Abuela ("Grandma"), as it is dubbed by its pilots. The features of the existing F1M's of the Ala 14 include intelligent 26" HUDs with integrated radar, HOTAS system, modernized Cyrano IVM radar for accurate ground-attack capability in four different modes, Night Vision Goggles compatibility, inertial navigator Sagem ULISS 47 and AIM-9 JULI Sidewinder compatibility among others.

A total of 90 units of the Mirage F1's different versions have served with the Spanish Air Force over the years.

These Mirage F1 have been deployed in Lithuania, during NATO Baltic Air Policing from July 2006 to November 2006, being scrambled twice to intercept undisclosed intruders.

On 20 January 2009 two Spanish F1s from the 14th Wing crashed near their base, in Spain's south-eastern province of Albacete, during a routine Spanish Air Force dogfight training mission, killing all three crew members. The wreckage of the two jets, including the remains of the aircrew, was found about 3 km (1.9 mi) apart.[25]

This accident has caused some sectors of the non-specialized media to broadcast allegedly misleading information about the Mirage F1's capabilities and claim for the substitution of the Mirage F1's based mostly on its age and in the existence of previous negotiations already initiated to sell the F1's to several foreign nations, ignoring the facts that the F1's will meet at 100% the NATO requirements for several more years and that collisions during close dogfighting exercises are relatively common and inconsistent with the aircraft's age, as indicated by experts, who have also expressed to be reluctant to jump to conclusions before the accident investigation's findings by the JIAAC are finished and released to the public.(Source: Avion Revue magazine #321, March 2009)

Operators

F1 operators, current (blue) and former (red)

Dassault Mirage F1 has been used by 13 airforces, with 8 of them still using it (including France). Out of these, 3 airforces have been European (2 still operating F1), 1 South American (still using it), 5 Middle Eastern (with 2 still flying the aircraft), and 4 African (3 still operating it).

Current operators

 Ecuador
 France
 Gabon
 Iran
 Jordan
 Libya
 Morocco
 Spain

Former operators

Qatari Air Force Mirage F1EDA
 Greece
 Iraq
 Kuwait
 Qatar
 South Africa

Specifications (Mirage F1)

Orthographically projected diagram of the Dassault Mirage F1

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[29]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development

Related lists

References

  1. ↑ "MIRAGE F1". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-03-11. http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/mirage-f1.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-04. 
  2. ↑ "Super 530". Flight International: p. 1889. 15 November 1980. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%203476.html. 
  3. ↑ Jane's 'F15', Electronic Arts, 1996; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 2000
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mirage Aircraft for Flight Simulator
  5. ↑ Dassault Mirage F1CG, 140, Greek Air Force
  6. ↑ Photos: Dassault Mirage F1CG Aircraft Pictures | Airliners.net
  7. ↑ Greece Mirage F1CG photo - Elias Hantzakos photos at pbase.com
  8. ↑ Take Off Aerospace Publishing Ltd, London 1988 ISSN 0953-7473, p.1155
  9. ↑ Goebel, Greg (2007-04-01). "The Dassault Mirage F1". www.vectorsite.net. http://www.vectorsite.net/avmirf1.html#m4. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
  10. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2003-11-13). "Libyan Wars, 1980-1989, Part 6". Air Combat Information Group (www.acig.org). http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_360.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
  11. ↑ "Redflag Alaska 2007". Embassy of France in the United States. http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/defense/defense24.asp. Retrieved 2007-12-04. 
  12. ↑ Laurent, Zecchini (November 24, 2007). "A Kandahar, dans la base sous haute sécurité, d'où opèrent les Mirage français en Afghanistan (French)". Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3216,36-982104@51-907647,0.html. Retrieved 2007-12-04. 
  13. ↑ "Las armas de hoy, Aviación de caza (4), Dassault Breguet Mirage F1,", Armamento y Poder Militar, Volumen 2, Editorial SARPE,: p. 526, 1983, "F.1JA fighters of Ecuador may have come into action during the brief clash with Peru that took place in January 1981" 
  14. ↑ "Grandes aviones del mundo, Mirage F.1, el caza francés", Enciclopedia ilustrada de la aviación, Volumen 4, Editorial DELTA S.A., 2da. Edición: p. 832, 1984 
  15. ↑ Diario "El Mundo", edición Nº 114 del 4-5 de Marzo de 1995, página 2
  16. ↑ “Peruvian Fitters Unveiled” in Air Forces Monthly Review, issue August 2003
  17. ↑ Exclusive “Tiger Sukhois Frogfoots & Fitters in Peru” in Air Forces Monthly Review, issue March 2006, page 48
  18. ↑ Cooper, Tom, Bishop, Faraz. "Persian Gulf War, 1980-1988". Air Combat Information Group (www.acig.org). http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_205.shtml. Retrieved 2007-03-15. 
  19. ↑ Kenneth M. Pollack (2004). Arabs at war: military effectiveness, 1948-1991. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 214. ISBN 0803287836. http://books.google.com/books?id=tFRP5WvTDWkC. Retrieved 2008-05-07. 
  20. ↑ Jeffrey L. Levinson, Randy L. Edwards (1997). Missile Inbound: The Attack on the Stark in the Persian Gulf. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557505179. http://books.google.com/books?id=NKJGAAAAMAAJ. 
  21. ↑ http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avf15_2.html#m4
  22. ↑ Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II. Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008) http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA484530
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Lord, Dick (2000). Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force. Covos-Day. ISBN 0620241160. 
  24. ↑ "Piloto SAAF derribado por MiG-23 cubano". http://www.geocities.com/urrib2000/ArticPiercy.html. Retrieved 2008-12-20. 
  25. ↑ "Spain warplane crash kills three". BBC (news.bbc.co.uk/. 2009-01-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7840655.stm. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 
  26. ↑ (French)Interrogations sur le montant des contrats avec la Libye
  27. ↑ (French)FlightGlobal world air forces inventory
  28. ↑ (French)Jane's aircraft upgrades
  29. ↑ Taylor 1988, pp. 67–68.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Donald and Lake p131.

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